Justification for IT Capital Projects

Justification for IT Capital Projects Appropriate Models for Projects Projects can be evaluated using a number of models based on the aim of a firm. According to Mian (2011), in many cases, a firm may find itself faced with a situation where it has a number of projects that need to be completed within a short period. In such cases, it becomes necessary to prioritise the available options based on the most pressing needs and resource capacity of the firm.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Justification for IT Capital Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this context, the company will need to have a number of models to be sued in prioritising the projects. The first method that this firm can use is the Financial Metrics Model. This model has been very common in the past because it points out the projects that are beyond the financial constraints of a firm. The IT Portfolio Model is another method that the firm can use to rank the projects. The t hird method that can be used is the Boston Consulting Group Model. Any of these three models may be appropriate in different contexts based on what a firm is striving to achieve within a specified timeframe. Rationale Why the Models Were Selected It is important to understand the relevance of choosing the three models to rank the projects provided. Financial Metrics Model has been identified as one of the most appropriate methods that can be used to rank the models. According to Rad and Anantatmula (2005), any project that a firm initiates needs some form of financial resources. A firm must have its priority right financially when initiating a project. First, an organisation can only fund a project to a given limit within its financial capacity. It means that a project can only be funded if the needed financial resources are available to the firm at that particular moment. This fact explains why a firm may postpone a good project to a future date when it has the resources to fund it . The second factor that is always considered on any project is the return on investment. Financial Metrics Model emphasises on the need to ensure that the invested funds can be earned back in form of profits within a reasonable time. Sometimes a project’s cost may exceed the expected returns. Unless the organisation in question is a non-profit making firm, such investments should be avoided at all cost. The firm must be assured that its investment will be recovered within a reasonable timeframe (Laudon Laudon, 2015).  The IT Portfolio Model is particularly appropriate when a firm is automating its system or making upgrades.Advertising Looking for assessment on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Mian (2011) says, in the modern society, technology plays an important role in the success of any firm. That is why many firms are currently struggling to automate their system to manage market c ompetition. In some cases, the management may be forced to prioritise projects based on their relevance in terms of enhancing IT systems. This model is purely based on what a firm needs at a given time based on enhancement of the information and communication system. One of the important issues given consideration in such rankings is the capacity of the new system, its relevance to the organisation, and the ability of the firm to run it amongst other factors.  Boston Consulting Group is another popular model that this firm can consider using to determine the most appropriate projects that need funding. According to Lefley (2015), BCG can only be used to rank the existing projects. Sometimes it may be necessary to re-evaluate the existing projects to determine if they are worth the investment put in them. This model classified the projects into four groups as shown in the appendix. The stars are attractive projects whose income is expected to rise hence worth more attention. Cash c ows are projects with attractive incomes, but the income is not expected to rise. Question marks are projects that have unpredictable future, and their current incomes are dwindling. Finally, dogs are projects whose income is not worth the investment put in them hence are worth reinventing. Ranking the Projects According To These Criteria When ranking the projects based on different models, it is important to note that different outcomes may be gotten because of the different priorities given to them. At this moment, the assumption is that the projects are yet to be implemented. For this reason, only the first two models will be used in the ranking. Financial Metrics Model: Order Entry Website Tablets for Sales Staff ERP II study Business Intelligence EDI link to suppliers VOIP Network Security Upgrade Desktop Publishing The IT Portfolio Model:Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Justification for IT Capital Projects specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More Order Entry Website Tablets for Sales Staff VOIP Network Security Upgrade ERP II study Business Intelligence EDI link to suppliers Desktop Publishing Rationale In the first ranking model, the first priority has been given to the financial returns of each of the projects. The second priority is given to the cost of the project. In the second model, priority is given to the technology that will increase sales and efficiency. List of References Laudon, K Laudon, J 2015, Management Information Systems: Managing The Digital  Firm, Pearson, New York. Lefley, F 2015, The FAP model and its application in the appraisal of ICT projects, Spring Space, New York. Mian, M 2011, Project economics and decision analysis, PennWell Corporation, Tulsa. Rad, P Anantatmula, V 2005, Project planning techniques, Management Concepts, Vienna.

Technology in the classical era Essays

Technology in the classical era Essays Technology in the classical era Essay Technology in the classical era Essay provides a strong need for public Infrastructure in the way of the necessity for flood prevention construction. This view is only on of many other possible views we could have heard from, ranging from: the common wealth, all the way to royalty. Though the point of view of this document was clearly that there was an obvious necessity for a flood prevention plane, some of the other views we could have heard room Like say the royalty for Instance, may have not really noticed that there was a need for a flood prevention plane because they TLD have to live with the destruction that the floods caused. The Han official may have put up a request that flood planes be built because a lot of soldiers are not well housed and so they are on the lower grounds with the common wealth people and have experienced the floods first hand, so he would be looking out for his soldiers, keeping their moral up, and over all Just keeping as many alive as he could. He could have also been trying to pep their moral up In the sense that if there was a flood prevention plan, there would be no need for the soldiers to worry about their family and their loved ones, seeing that all the foot soldiers were not wealthy people nor did they come from wealthy families, compared to the majority of the generals and officers. Document six, written by Plutarch, a Greek-born Roman citizen and high official, describes the construction of roads in the second-century B. C. E. Under the rule of political leader Gauss Gracious as he anxiously built roads not only for utility but also for beauty. It explains the Importance of bulling the roads to Gallus and how well mapped out It was, as the saying goes, All roads lead to Rome. It displays how the dedication of one aspect of an empire can impact society so greatly, it shows how much of a necessity order is. Plutarch may have described the road construction in extensive detail because it was something tremendous back then, something that was thought of as high quality. Document eight describes the process of turning stream water into drinking water and the enormous stretch of the many uses It has. The governor of Britain, Frontline, also a roman general, may have spoken of the aqueducts and viewed them as some of the few monumental structures that were actually useful, or at least had a use, unlike the pyramids and such. For the attitudes towards tools and men being in workshops, the views were accumulating towards the view that workshops were not for the clever nor for the gentlemen. Page Break In document five, Cicero, and upper-class Roman politician leader In the first century workshops dont have, and never will have anything enlightening about them. This splays the fact that the attitudes are very much original and from a direct source. Cicero may have said that it was a vulgar and non-enlightening choice to work in a workshop because those sort of Jobs are never clean, are all hands on, attract the common folk, and because gentlemen are not supposed to those sorts of hands on things, it brings them lower, they should have someone do it for them. Document seven describes what the speaker speculates about who invented tools, seeing them as nimble and sharp but neither great nor elevated. The whole point of this comment is the fact that it revolves around the idea of an opinionated and varied attitude of the speaker. Seneca, and upper-class Roman philosopher and adviser to Emperor Nero in the first century C. E. May have said that the person was neither great nor elevated because a great of elevated person would Just have someone else do it for them, its not the fact that he made tools that made the work more efficient than by hand, its the fact that he was even doing that work in the first place. Most advancements are done in the best interests of both parties, though a couple advancements could hinder one side but help the other. In document two, it is clear that the advancement only helped one side. The government replaced the workers hand crafter sturdy and long lasting tools with cheaply made brittle tools made in prison camps. Ultimately, it hindered the government too because it took efficiency away from the workers in the same given amount of time. This advancement decreased efficiency of the workers and productivity levels, but made it a lot cheaper for the government and therefore gained them a bit more wiggle room with income, which in turn hindered the entire process, which ties into the two categories of advancements in the thesis. Human Guan, a Han government official, may have said that now the salt and iron is sold at high prices and that some of the poorest peasants now had no choice but to work there, because, it shows how great of an impact a governments choices can have on people. Document three on the other hand, was a very beneficial advancement, employing nature to do mans work. It increased productivity and there for helped all parties. Human Tan may have spoken of this in such a supportive way because it not only helped productivity, but it also elevated the empires stature. In document four, It Shih has created a water powered blowing engine. It definitely helped them on their way to establishing their name in the top empires. The writer may have spoken of the new invention so well, because it was an enormous advancement back then. On the other hand, It might help to hear from the working class because those are the people that actually used the tools, They have first hand experience and they also know the efficiency of the new tools compared to the old tools or the times before the advancements compared to the mime after the advancement. It might also be helpful to hear from foreigners because if the tools are efficient, word will have reached the foreign countries about the advancements, and if they have heard of them, it proves that they really are good tools. It might help to hear from women because they will hear to complaints of their husbands who use the new tools or they will hear the gossip from other wives and so it gives you almost a 3-D perspective instead of a 2-D one because now you see all the sides of the situation instead of Just the black and white.

Language Variety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Language Variety - Essay Example At the risk of oversimplification let us ask a fundamental question: What is language "Language is a complicated business. In everyday talk, we use the word 'language' in many different ways. It isn't clear how 'language' should be defined or what the person on the street thinks it actually is!" (Downes, 1998, p.1). We tend to define language differently in different situations. We talk of the incoherent utterances of an infant, as a child's language. When we refer to the melodious intonations of some languages we refer to language in terms of aesthetics. When we talk of language in standardized correctness, we talk of language as grammar. We also talk of language as a skill, a We also tend to define language in terms of the use to which we put it. We talk of legal language. The language used by the legal profession tends to be quite different from our everyday language. We also talk of medical parlance. That is the language used by the medical fraternity. This is again different from the language we use in everyday life. Then you have computer language which is quite distinct from any of the other languages. In a way each specialized profession it seems has its own characteristic language. Chomsky defines language as "a set of very specific universal principles which are intrinsic properties of the human mind and part of our species' genetic endowment" (Chomsky. 1986: 15 ff. as cited in Downes, 1998, p.17). While that may indeed be the best definition of language, the definition of language needs to be examined from a sociolinguistic perspective. What is Sociolinguistics "The most obvious definition of sociolinguistics is that it is the study of language in society" (Schmitt, 2002, p. 150). Schmitt goes on to say that most sociolinguistic studies are basically descriptive, but focus on achieving "scientific objectivity", even when these studies involve intricate influences that society has on language. Sociolinguistic studies also take into consideration "social aspects of language" in a pragmatic way, explaining social influences as accurately as possible. (Schmitt, 2002, p.150) Language Variety 3 A Sociolinguistic Definition of Language Sociolinguistics tends to define language as what the members of a specific society speak. However they also take into consideration the fact that a society may have more than one language or many dialects of the same language, and therefore view language with the conviction that it is not something that is independent of society. (Wardhaugh, 2002, p. ix) Purpose of Language "The notion of discourse is the conceptual link between language and society, looking upwards on the one hand to social structures and cultural meanings and downwards to the nitty-gritty of words and grammar - lexicogrammar - on the other" (Bartlett, n.d, p.113 ). (Bartlett, n.d, p.113) argues that language is a "socially motivated construct" because of what it helps to do. Any language basically serves two purposes: it facilitates interaction and serves as a means of communication. The Common Components of All Languages All languages have three common

Media Imperialism The Impacts of Global Media on Local Cultures and Research Proposal

Media Imperialism The Impacts of Global Media on Local Cultures and Identities - Research Proposal Example Although it would be very difficult to believe that any of these views are absolutely right, but nevertheless globalization and its relationship with the media should not be ignored outright. Media plays a vital role in creating the link between the different cultures and works as the fastest mode of spreading the aspects of the world cultures. This may create good or bad impacts on the local values and culture, grasped or adopted by the local people. This research is intended to develop a deep understanding of the impact of global media on local cultures and identities in the Middle East with a specific focus on the United Arab Emirates. The Research will look at the numerous theories on the impacts and critical interpretations of the global media on local cultures. Introduction Globalization is the process of integration and interaction of people, organizations and governments of different nations. It is the increased transnational movement of individuals and resources driven by gl obal investment and trade, enhanced by information technology. Globalization affects people’s culture, economic development and political systems of different societies across the world. Although globalization is not a new phenomenon, policy and development in technology over the past few decades have enhanced globalization through increase in cross-border trade and investments. Globalization has further resulted into deep changes in the very fabric of the society let alone the economy only. The globalization of culture as well as communication has further widenend the gap between the local as well as international culture. Rojecki (2005) attributes the current wave of globalization to national and international policies that have opened economies specially those countries which are willing to open for trade i.e. UAE being one of the global hubs for free trade. Today, many governments including UAE, Qatar, Sharjah and other countries continue to adapt free market economic sys tems aimed at increasing their potential for productivity and creating new opportunities for global trade and investment. Moreover, governments continue to negotiate reductions in trade barriers as they forge international trade agreements that promote trade and international integration. One of the main features that define globalization is the emergence of an international business structure that continues to gain dominance with increasing technology and international relations. Rojecki (2005) views globalization as a force that transforms the spatial organization of social relationships and transactions to generate institutionalized patterns of interactions, exchanges and interregional flows. International politics also seem to flow from this intricate network of social and economic relationships which force nations to cooperate with each other. These views are supported by Giddens (1984) who argues that globalization has power to enhance compression of space and time through imp roved communication, transportation, and information technology. Media plays a major role in globalization because it acts as a globalization force to illustrate the intersection of economic and cultural integration. (Seib, 2009) Media refers to a variety of communication technologies including the internet, radio, television, and print press among others. Van Alelst and Walgrave (2007) observe that electronic media has contributed to development of community and consciousness through its interactive role of

Internship Report Onroyal Cement Limited Essay Example for Free

Internship Report Onroyal Cement Limited Essay I would like to thank my Faculty Advisor Roushan Ara Sultana for giving me the opportunity to work with her during my period of internship. I have been able to compile and complete this report in a comprehensive manner due to the guidance, support and counseling that he has provided me with during this period. I have tried my best to implement her constructive suggestions while doing my report. I would also like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the help provided to me by some. My sincere gratitude goes to Mr. Forman Uddin Chowdhury; Director of personals of the company Operations and to Mr. Md Moonsur Ali; Assistant General Manager; Marketing, Sales Distribution for giving me time from their busy schedule, providing me with information that was required to complete the report, and for guiding me properly throughout the period of my internship. I would also like to thank all the employees of Royal Cement Limited who has supported me and co-operated with me during my internship period. Finally, my sincere thanks go to each and everyone who has helped and supported me significantly in different stages during the period of my internship. Page | 2 University of Science and Technology Chittagong Executive Summary Royal Cement Limited, one of the leading largest cement industries in Bangladesh emerged in 2001. The company is well known for producing quality cement at a low price. The head office and the commercial building of Royal Cement Limited are located in Kabir Manzil, Sheikh Mujib road, Agrabad, Chittagong-4100. The other office of Royal Cement Limited is located in Dhaka and their production house in Joramtal, Barakumira, Sitakunda in Chittagong. The team consists of two leading companies of Bangladesh, which are Kabir Steel Group BSA Group.

J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter Essay -- Rowling Harry Potter Essays

J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter Harry Potter is an orphaned boy whose parents were attacked and killed by the evil wizard, Lord Voldemort. The boy survived the horrible slaying, which left him with a lightning bolt scar on his forehead. He lives with his disagreeable uncle and aunt and unpleasantly selfish cousin during summer months. The boy attends the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, where he learns about potions, flying on a broomstick, and fighting off the evil Lord Voldemort. Harry Potter is adored by children of all ages, along with adults, for his witty humor and fantasy adventures. Children crave his friendship and magic powers. The first three books were on the New York Times bestseller lists before New York Times decided to split up the list into children's and adults' books because of Harry Potter's popularity (Gray par. 2). Harry Potter won the Parenting Book of the Year Award in 1998, and the 1997 National Book Award (Ballard par. 6). Harry Potter has swept through the world causing controversy over the positive and negative impacts the books are having on children. Although some people claim that Harry Potter is Satanic, Harry Potter has had a positive influence on children's literature because children are learning good values, a positive role model, and are reading more. J.K. Rowling presented Harry Potter to children's literature in 1997. Seven years ago, Rowling was an unemployed single mother of a small daughter and was living in a two-room apartment in Edinburgh, Scotland. Rowling began to write Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in a coffee shop while her daughter took naps Since then, she has written a total of four novels: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone written in... ...oshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. Gray, Paul. "The Magic of Potter." Rev. Dec. 2000.17. Oct. 2001 http://www.time.com/time/pog2000/mag/rowling.html. Liungman, Carl G. "Dictionary of Symbols." Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1991. Radigan, Winifred M. "Connecting the Gernerations: Memory, Magic, and Harry Potter." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 44.8 (2001):694. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. "Why We Like Harry Potter." Christianity Today 10 Jan. 2000: 37. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. Wyckoff, Malia McCawley. "Beyond Harry Potter: The books boys can't resist reading." Family Life Oct. 2000: 86. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001.

History Of Human Resource Management Essay

Human resource management is a function in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of their employer’s strategic objectives.[1] HR is primarily concerned with how people are managed within organizations, focusing on policies and systems.[2] HR departments and units in organizations are typically responsible for a number of activities, including employee recruitment, training and development, performance appraisal, and rewarding. HR is also concerned with industrial relations, that is, the balancing of organizational practices with regulations arising from collective bargaining and governmental laws. HR is a product of the human relations movement of the early 20th century, when researchers began documenting ways of creating business value through the strategic management of the workforce. The function was initially dominated by transactional work, such as payroll and benefits administration, but due to globalization, company consolidation, technologi cal advancement, and further research, HR now focuses on strategic initiatives like mergers and acquisitions, talent management, succession planning, industrial and labor relations, and diversity and inclusion. In startup companies, HR’s duties may be performed by trained professionals. In larger companies, an entire functional group is typically dedicated to the discipline, with staff specializing in various HR tasks and functional leadership engaging in strategic decision making across the business. To train practitioners for the profession, institutions of higher education, professional associations, and companies themselves have created programs of study dedicated explicitly to the duties of the function. Academic and practitioner organizations likewise seek to engage and further the field of HR, as evidenced by several field-specific publications. HR is also a field of research study that is popular within the fields of management and industrial/organizational psychology, with research articles appearing in a number of academic journals, including those mentioned later in this article. In the current global work environment, most companies focus on lowering employee turnover and retaining the talent and knowledge held by their workforce. New hiring not only entails a high cost but also increases the risk of the newcomer not being able to replace the person who was working in that position before. HR departments also strive to offer benefits that will appeal to workers, thus reducing the risk of losing knowledge. History Antecedent theoretical development HR spawned in the early 20th century and was influenced by Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor explored what he termed â€Å"scientific management†, striving to improve economic efficiency in manufacturing jobs. He eventually keyed in on one of the principal inputs into the manufacturing process—labor—sparking inquiry into workforce productivity. The human relations movement grew from the research of Elton Mayo and others, whose Hawthorne studies (1924-1932) serendipitously documented how stimuli, unrelated to financial compensation and working conditions, yielded more productive workers.[6] Contemporaneous work by Abraham Maslow, Kurt Lewin, Max Weber (1864-1920), Frederick Herzberg, and David McClelland (1917-1998) formed the basis for studies in industrial and organizational psychology, organizational behavior and organizational theory, giving room for an applied discipline. Birth and evolution of the discipline By the time enough theoretical evidence existed to make a business case for strategic workforce management, changes in the business landscape (à   la Andrew Carnegie, John Rockefeller) and in public policy had transformed the employer-employee relationship, and the discipline was formalized as â€Å"industrial and labor relations†. In 1913, one of the oldest known professional HR associations—the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development—was founded in England as the Welfare Workers’ Association, then changed its name a decade later to the Institute of Industrial Welfare Workers, and again the next decade to Institute of Labor Management before settling upon its current name.[7] Likewise in the United States, the world’s first institution of higher education dedicated to workplace studies—the School of Industrial and Labor Relations—was formed at Cornell University in 1945. During the latter half of the 20th century, union membership declined significantly, while workforce management continued to expand its influence within organizations. â€Å"Industrial and labor relations† began being used to refer specifically to issues concerning collective representation, and many companies began referring to the profession as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"personnel administration†. In 1948, what would later become the largest professional HR association—the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)—was founded as the American Society for Personnel Administration (ASPA). Nearing the 21st century, advances in transportation and communications greatly facilitated workforce mobility and collaboration. Corporations began viewing employees as assets rather than as cogs in a machine. â€Å"Human resources management†, consequently, became the dominant term for the function—the ASPA even changing its name to SHRM in 1998.[9] â€Å"Human capital management† is sometimes used synonymously with HR, although human capital typically refers to a more narrow view of human resources; i.e., the knowledge the individuals embody and can contribute to an organization. Likewise, other terms sometimes used to describe the field include â€Å"organizational management†, â€Å"manpower management†, â€Å"talent management†, â€Å"personnel management†, and simply â€Å"people management†.

Occupational Stress in Law Enforcement & Intervention Strategies

Occupational Stress in Law Enforcement & Intervention Strategies Stress in law enforcement is complex. Stressors vary by individual and because of that combatting stress is law enforcement is not an easy task. Broad strokes and blanket programs are used in an effort to reach the greatest number of employees with strategies designed to prevent and reduce stress in the field of law enforcement. I believe that a more individualized approach is required to have the greatest impact on officers working in this field.The occupation of a police officer is commonly referred to as one of the most stressful occupations. Causes of stress for police officers can be linked to the organizational structure and the demands of the profession to include shift work, overtime, and years of service. The rigid nature of the organization has been referred to as one of the primary sources of stress for law enforcement. In addition to the stress of the organizational structure, police encounter the threat of violent criminals and disturbing crime scenes as a part of routine daily possibilities.Potential causes of stress for correctional staff are similar to the stress that police officers endure. Stress is derived from internal and external sources to include, prison/jail organizational structure, nature of work-supervision of the inmate population, overtime, shift work, length of time on the job, privacy/safety concerns, threats of inmate violence/actual inmate violence, inmate demands/manipulations, co-workers, specific post or assignments, poor public image, and low pay.Correctional officers and police officers had the highest rates of non-fatal violent incidents at work between 1990-1995 (Finn, p. , 2001). Research regarding causes of stress for law enforcement was inconsistent when attempting to determine the highest rates of stress. Areas of concern for both correctional and police officers that experience work-related stress span from work-related effects to the effects on the em ployees personal life. Officers can suffer physical ailments as a result of work-related stress that include heart disease, high blood pressure, and eating disorders, etc.Studies have shown that disability of officers has been linked to stress related causes. Additional areas of concern are staff burnout, personal and family relationships that include the displacement of frustration onto family/friends and poor work performance which ultimately compromises institutional safety and creates stress for co-workers. One of the most significant causes of stress in law enforcement is critical incidents and the impact of critical incident stress in law enforcement.A critical incident can be defined as â€Å"any situation in which an officer’s expectations of personal infallibility suddenly become tempered by imperfection and crude reality† (Kureczka, 1996). Critical Incidents in law enforcement are loosely defined because the nature of the incidents can affect officers differe ntly. Examples of critical incidents in law enforcement include line of duty death, serious injury of a co-worker, officer involved shooting, traumatic death of a child, hostage and riot situations. Critical Incident Stress can lead to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.Four to ten percent of individuals who experience a critical incident will develop PTSD. Research shows that 87% of all emergency workers experience the effects of critical incident stress (Kureczka,1996). Stressors can be multiplied by compounding events (i. e. death of a suspect and injury to the officer). The effects of a critical incident affect the officer physically, emotionally and cognitively. Physical affects (effects) can range from headaches, muscle aches, sleep disturbance, decreased sexual activity, decreased appetite, and impotence.Emotional affects include anxiety, fear, guilt, sadness, anger, irritability, withdrawal and a sense of feeling lost. Cognitive affects include flashbacks, repeated visions of th e incident, nightmares, slowed thinking, difficulty in decision making, disorientation, memory lapse, and the lack the ability to concentrate. Intervention strategies include a variety of options that have been implemented in law enforcement over the past twenty years. Some intervention programs are specific to the everyday stressors of the profession while others are more concentrated to areas involving critical incidents.The development and establishment of stress programs or Employee Assistance Programs are types of intervention programs available. Programs vary by department and in levels of perceived success. Possible program components include trained correctional staff assisting other correctional staff that have experienced a critical incident at work, implementation of a counseling team, implementation of a stress unit, critical incident debriefing, increased communication with employees, wellness programs, staff involvement in policy making and training & education program s.The benefits of the implementation of programs to help employees deal with stress include, reduction of overtime costs incurred due to sick time usage, reduction in staff turnover rates, enhanced staff morale coupled with improved job performance, increased institutional and officer safety, improved relations with the union, staff feeling that management/administrators value them as individuals. The role of the administration in providing support to officers’ both pre and post critical incidents has a tremendous The administration’s role in combatting critical incident stress is mutually beneficial to the employee and the agency.The agency impact is on the organizational structure (i. e. other officers, the department, the public, and families) as a whole as well as budgetary impact that affects all areas (retention, training, etc. ). When compared to the cost of intervention, it is financially more beneficial to the organization to spend money on intervention which in turn also benefits the entire organizational structure. . Intervention strategies specific to critical incidents include counseling for employees with counselors that have a thorough understanding f the type of work of law enforcement, as well as the availability of peer support officers that are specially trained to recognize problems and make referrals. The availability of pre-incident stress education and stress management training for new recruits and seasoned employees throughout employment allows employees who experience critical incident stress to recognize the signs and seek help. Additional orientations for families also provides for information on stress in law enforcement to be communicated to prepare families for what to expect in the event that an incident occurs.References Finn, P. (2001). Addressing Correctional Officer Stress: Programs and Strategies. Criminal Justice Media, Inc. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/docview/ 214386062/fulltex t/ 136F9663B05382C356E/ 3? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 Kureczka, A. (1996). Critical Incident Stress in Law Enforcement, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/docview/204132441/ fulltextPDF/136F9D8BC523F17E9DF/2? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 Feemster, S. 2010). The Forensic Examiner. Addressing the Urgent Need for Multi- Dimensional Training in Law Enforcement Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/ SocialSciences/docview/859010103/fulltextPDF/136FB22E6C16A280637/4? accountid= 36616 on May 28, 2012 To Quit or not to Quit: Perceptions of Participation in Correctional Decision Making and the Impact of Organizational Stress Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/social sciences/docview/214563577/136FB3A66E950711643/2? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012Jaramillo, F. , Nixon, R. & Sams, D. (2004). The Effect of Law Enforcement Stress on Organizational Commitment. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/ d ocview /211301458/ fulltextPDF/136FB495CC464AAE192/14? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 McCarty, W. , Zhao, J. & Garland, B. , (2007). Occupational Stress and Burnout between Male and Female Police Officers Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/ docview/211277163/fulltextPDF/136FBFDCC4976A43D80/1? accountid=36616 on May

Research Papers Proposal

Research Papers Proposal Research Papers Proposal Research Paper ProposalA research paper proposal is a paper that briefly outlines the most essential issues of your research. A research paper proposal is handed to the defense committee in order for them to estimate the level of your preparation for research. If you get approval from them, you may start research and writing your research paper itself. If you need help writing a research paper or do not know how to write a research paper, you should contact us for professional research paper writing service! We deliver " research paper no plagiarism"!For a novice at conducting independent research, a research paper proposal may seem rather a complicated assignment. Still, with a bit of practice, efforts, and our guide a research paper proposal will be much easy to produce. So, follow the guidelines below.1. Decide on the topicChoosing a research paper topic is one of the most serious and important first steps to making a research paper proposal. You have to think over several fac tors influencing your decision as for the topic: the needs of research community, your personal preferences, and supervisors recommendations.2. Explore the historical context of the topic under considerationFind out who else investigated the similar problems in their works and what their approaches to it were.3. Formulate the objectives of your researchIt is very important for you to see the purpose you have to aim at. It will help you rally your thoughts together and get ready for the work.4. Make the introductory part for your research paper proposalThe introductory part of a research paper proposal usually introduces the problem under consideration. Here, tell what you are going to investigate, what results you suppose to obtain, and how you are going to achieve your purposes.5. Make up a literature reviewA literature review is another compulsory part of a research paper proposal. A review of literature is not only enumeration of existing works devoted to a certain problem. It is a deep analysis of these works presented in a form of logically connected standpoints on your research paper topic. 6. Inform on the research methods you are going to useMethodology is the last main part of a research paper proposal. Here, you have to present the methods chosen for doing research and explain your choice. In this part of your research paper proposal, explain why these methods are applicable and effective in relation to your research topic. How do you think they might help you?If you follow the guidelines presented above, you are sure to create a well-structured research paper proposal and get approval from the committee. If you are looking for research paper example, surf our free blog for numerous research proposals written from scratch!

14 Strategies for Writing Better College Papers

14 Strategies for Writing Better College Papers Learning how to write solid college papers is literally half the battle with most majors. In this 3-minute article we’ve broken down the 14 most effective strategies involved. Breeze through each one and ingest them at your leisure. 1. Adjust Your Writing Attitude No, writing doesn’t suck, but your attitude might. College writing is actually quite fun and engaging once you get into it. Make it easy on yourself and just settle into the papers as they come. Accept them. Commit to them. 2. Get Interested Intrigued Part of adjusting your attitude is getting personally invested and interested in the subject. The more involved you are the higher the quality in most cases. Your personality will come through. The things you learn will be genuine. The paper won’t feel forced. Get it? 3. Master the Craft of Outlining Once swept away into the passion of writing (expression), it’s easy to get artsy and try to wing it. Don’t. Instead, make it a habitual practice to get an outline drawn up. Love them. Outlines are just structure to help your thoughts mold along certain parameters. Without them you can find yourself either a) mid-paper and at a dead end, or b) mid-paper and completely off the radar. 4. Get a Second Opinion Show your initial outlines and drafts to other people. If your friends and family aren’t interested, then find people who are. Or, pay someone a couple bucks. It’s worth it. A second pair of eyes can tell you things that are simply invisible to you as the writer. 5. Begin Writing Sooner rather than Later Even if the paper isn’t due for three months, be engaged and working on it from day one. However, don’t try to turn it in super early. There’s no real benefit to doing so other than saving mental space perhaps. Otherwise just take all the time you have and relax. Craft something amazing because you’ve got plenty of time. 6. Visit a Writing Center Once in a While Yeah, really! Grab your outline/draft and head over to the writing center. See what kinds of things they say. Critiques are worth their weight in proverbial gold. They’ll help you edit/polish as well as nail down your thesis. Plus, they know everything about all the small formatting details (more on this in a moment). 7. Don’t Freaking Plagiarize! It’s so tempting! Yes, you can definitely use quotes and cite small supportive paragraphs from relevant sources but there’s a limit. Now, aside from that it’s also quite tempting to try and just copy/paste someone else’s thinking†¦don’t do it. Professors these days have many tools at their disposal to find duplicate content. 8. Let Your Thesis Evolve By beginning the writing process as early as possible you give it lots of time to naturally evolve or settle on the primary thesis you’re searching for. Go with the flow, but stick to deadlines. Give your thesis room to breathe. Don’t stay so narrowed in focus/perspective that you end up with a narrow paper (something most professors are likely to dock you on). 9. Start Thinking Analyzing like a Professor Speaking of professors, look at your thesis statement, outline and drafts like a professor would. If you aren’t sure what your professor will say, then show it to them! Throughout the process try to step into their shoes and critique yourself. It helps. It’s a sobering practice. 10: Spend Serious Time on Formatting The writing center can really help here. All the many formatting details with citing courses, subtitles, adding graphs/charts, etc. can be daunting at first. Instead of wasting tons of time doing it yourself, get some help until it becomes like second nature. Little errors add up fast! 11. Be Creatively Risky In essence college really isn’t a time to strictly follow the rules and conform. Don’t be afraid to test professors and truly express yourself. Don’t be afraid to bend the rules a little as long as it doesn’t have to do with the technicalities. Like, as long as your paper is well-written, though out, formatted correctly and clear, it’s going to be hard for a professor to dock you even if you went a little left field. 12. Let Information Marinate Never underestimate the power of absorbing ideas/concepts and then letting it marinate in your mind or subconscious where ideas form. Let it sit and settle. Let the information coagulate and mold together naturally. Don’t force writing. Follow your gut instincts here. 13. Learn to Take Thorough Notes If you ditch class and skimp on notes it will translate into more hours researching. Take proper notes with your paper in mind. 14. Don’t Forget to Think Critically This is serious business and seriously lacking in America today. Be objective as possible, and then color that cold data with your subjective self. Get it? Be critical. Think critically. Deduce things critically. Okay all you aspiring and accomplished college paper writers out there, how do you do it? Share your wisdom!

Super bowl commercials in the United States Essay

Super bowl commercials in the United States - Essay Example Though there are mixed emotions as to what should and should not be aired, ultimately it is a decision of freedom of speech while also remaining ethical and without offending a segment of the population due to race, gender, religion, or personal ethics. When considering these factors most major companies, including CBS, stand firmly behind free speech and freedom of the press but they are also relieved of the some of the pressure of censoring themselves with air time being so costly during specific times. Major companies want to shock, interest, and be creative but they also recognize the fine line between positive media influence and consumer gain and must consider the impact on their company financially should the commercial be viewed as offensive. There are several whose reputation and name brand have allowed them to carry off what a smaller and less known brand would not risk. Disagreeing with all censorship opens the door for those which are outright offensive to segments of the population such as in racial matters while building brand name strength in customer base. This serves some purpose but as a major company there is usually the continuing quest to build and increase one’s customer base, rather than further divide it. Many submitted were never allowed to air, including ones from major names such as PETA and Bud Light. While my position supports free speech 100% there several companies have outright censored any material containing matter of a specific nature without discussion or review. While in the past artists have been asked to perform during the super bowl there has been an instance of outright censorship of vocals which were censored specifically for the super bowl performance in 2006 by the Rolling Stones.

Brand management, Managing price discounting and its possible impact Assignment

Brand management, Managing price discounting and its possible impact on Brand equity - Assignment Example 11 Kotler, P & Caslione, J.A. (2009). Chaotics: the business of managing and marketing in the age of turbulence. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. 11 Saxena, R. (2005). Marketing Management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 11 Schultz, D.E. et.al. (1998). Sales promotion essentials: the 10 basic sales promotion techniques-- and how to use them. McGraw-Hill Professional. 11 Introduction Price promotions are also known as price discounting. Most companies adjust the list price of the products and allow discounts to get early payments, purchase at a high volume and off season buying. Price discounting has become the mode of operation for almost all the companies. Some of the products tend to be always on sale. Companies having overcapacity of products gives more discounts. The manufacturer should stop the discounting rate at which they offer to the retailers. This practice may results in losing the long term profits. Kevin Clancy had found that about 15% to 35% of the buyers are price sensitive . People with higher level of income are willing to pay more for better products, quality customer service and for the brand name. Thus this can prove to be harmful for strong and distinctive brands. On the other hand price discounting can also prove to be useful only if the company gains a concession (Kotler, 1972, p.390). Brand equity is defined as the brands perception in the minds of the consumers. It is about how the employees, customers, the stakeholders and the consumers feel for a particular brand. Brand equity is driven by four factors such as perceived quality, brand awareness, brand association and brand loyalty (Knapp, 2000, p.2). Price discounting Price discounting is used to accomplish different goals. One of the primary reasons for price discounting is to dispose of the remaining inventory from the previous seasons and stocking in with new merchandise in the stores and the warehouse. This practice is usually preferred by those companies who tend to change their select ions of merchandise. Another reason of price discounting is to encourage the consumers to visit the retail outlet. Such strategies are widely used by grocery stores, drug and discount stores where the consumer buys in a bulk. The use of price discounting is known as bait and switch. Price discounting is also done by retailers in order to create price discrimination between different consumers. This is a process which targets both the price sensitive and price insensitive consumers. The other set of consumers prefers buying when products are put up on sale rather than from competitive retailers. Sometimes retailers offers product at a discounting rate so that the company can have an upper hand from new competitors as well as from the existing ones (Schultz, et.al, 1998, p.188). Objectives for Price Discounting Pricing is one of the biggest pitfalls that a management deals during optimal economy. But pricing involves a lot of risk when the economy is not stable. Price discounting does work well to achieve the objectives of the company. A retailer prefers price discounting in order to meet their targets and objectives. Price discounting always involves risk, especially when it is not done correctly. It can hamper the business (Kotler & Caslione, 2009, p.58). Therefore there are certain objectives which are well suited for price discounting whereas other is not preferred. The objectives are set by the retailers, in order to achieve the set goals they offer